Table 1

Summary of observed and estimated mortality rate, and adjusted rate ratio, pooled for 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time, by cause of death

Cause of death and daylight saving time	Weekly mortality rate per 100 000 population			Rate ratio (95% CI)		P value for adjusted rate ratio*
Cause of death and daylight saving time	Observed	Baseline	Difference (95% CI)	Crude	Adjusted	P value for adjusted rate ratio*
All cause mortality 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	16.90	16.94	−0.039 (−0.287 to 0.204)	0.998 (0.980 to 1.015)	1.003 (0.987 to 1.020)	0.71
Autumn	17.08	17.46	−0.384 (−0.688 to −0.086)	0.978 (0.961 to 0.996)	0.974 (0.958 to 0.990)	0.004
Either spring or autumn	16.99	17.20	−0.212 (−0.487 to 0.059)	0.988 (0.971 to 1.005)	0.988 (0.972 to 1.005)	0.06
Alzheimer's disease 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	0.71	0.70	0.004 (−0.019 to 0.025)	1.005 (0.967 to 1.044)	1.009 (0.971 to 1.048)	0.60
Autumn	0.76	0.78	−0.023 (−0.051 to 0.005)	0.971 (0.935 to 1.009)	0.969 (0.933 to 1.007)	0.21
Either spring or autumn	0.73	0.74	−0.009 (−0.035 to 0.015)	0.988 (0.951 to 1.026)	0.989 (0.952 to 1.027)	0.36
Dementia 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	0.85	0.84	0.009 (−0.021 to 0.038)	1.010 (0.967 to 1.054)	1.028 (0.987 to 1.069)	0.18
Autumn	0.90	0.93	−0.038 (−0.077 to −0.001)	0.960 (0.919 to 1.002)	0.947 (0.910 to 0.985)	0.02
Either spring or autumn	0.87	0.89	−0.014 (−0.049 to 0.019)	0.985 (0.943 to 1.028)	0.986 (0.948 to 1.026)	0.05
Circulatory diseases 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	5.21	5.22	−0.009 (−0.091 to 0.071)	0.998 (0.980 to 1.017)	1.004 (0.987 to 1.021)	0.69
Autumn	5.31	5.38	−0.073 (−0.172 to 0.024)	0.987 (0.968 to 1.005)	0.980 (0.963 to 0.997)	0.03
Either spring or autumn	5.26	5.30	−0.041 (−0.132 to 0.048)	0.992 (0.974 to 1.011)	0.992 (0.975 to 1.009)	0.15
Malignant neoplasms 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	3.56	3.55	0.010 (−0.024 to 0.045)	1.003 (0.991 to 1.015)	1.006 (0.995 to 1.018)	0.28
Autumn	3.58	3.65	−0.070 (−0.110 to −0.030)	0.981 (0.969 to 0.993)	0.980 (0.969 to 0.992)	0.003
Either spring or autumn	3.57	3.60	−0.030 (−0.067 to 0.008)	0.992 (0.980 to 1.004)	0.993 (0.981 to 1.005)	0.03
Respiratory diseases 0-7 weeks after daylight saving time:
Spring	1.79	1.79	−0.001 (−0.068 to 0.064)	0.999 (0.955 to 1.044)	1.010 (0.967 to 1.055)	0.69
Autumn	1.64	1.75	−0.109 (−0.190 to −0.031)	0.938 (0.894 to 0.984)	0.934 (0.891 to 0.978)	0.01
Either spring or autumn	1.72	1.77	−0.055 (−0.129 to 0.016)	0.968 (0.924 to 1.013)	0.971 (0.928 to 1.016)	0.09

CI=confidence interval.
In this study, spring daylight saving time is the time when the clocks are set forward by one hour on the second Sunday of March and autumn daylight saving time is the time when the clocks are set back by one hour (ie, return to standard time) on the first Sunday of November.
*Adjusted P value calculated from two tailed Wald's test with the adjustment based on the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for controlling false discovery rate.