Rates of death and diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in base cohort
| Death with underlying cause of COPD | New diagnosis of COPD | |
| Group with history of illicit opioid use | ||
| No of participants at baseline | 106 789 | 104 358* |
| Median (IQR) follow-up per participant (years) | 8.7 (4.3-13.5) | 3.3 (1.3-7.2) |
| No of events (ie, death or COPD diagnosis) | 680 | 4016 |
| Rate (95% CI) of events per 100 000 person years | 71 (66 to 76) | 799 (774 to 824) |
| Comparison group (matched by age, sex, and general practice) | ||
| No of participants at baseline | 320 367 | 318,999* |
| Median (IQR) years of follow-up per participant (years) | 9.5 (5.0-14.4) | 5.6 (2.5-10.4) |
| No of events | 160 | 3051 |
| Rate (95% CI) of events per 100 000 person years | 5.6 (4.8 to 6.5) | 153 (147 to 158) |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Adjusted for age and sex only | 14.59 (12.28 to 17.33) | 5.89 (5.62 to 6.18) |
| Additionally adjusted for smoking status at cohort entry | 8.81 (7.36 to 10.54) | 3.29 (3.13 to 3.46) |
IQR=interquartile range; CI=confidence interval.
*Excluding participants with a diagnosis of COPD before cohort entry (ie, excluding participants with prevalent COPD).