Table 3

Association between coeliac disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, with progressive adjustments

	Cases in participants with coeliac disease (n=2083)	Cases in participants with no coeliac disease (n=467 012)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	χ²
All CVD disease:
Standard adjustments	218	40 469	1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)	<0.001	11.1
Lifestyle factors	218	40 469	1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)	<0.001	11.2
Major CVD risk factors	218	40 469	1.44 (1.26 to 1.65)	<0.001	25.3
Ischaemic heart disease:
Standard adjustments	182	33 374	1.30 (1.12 to 1.50)	<0.001	11.3
Lifestyle factors	182	33 374	1.30 (1.12 to 1.50)	<0.001	11.2
Major CVD risk factors	182	33 374	1.5 (1.30 to 1.75)	<0.001	26.5
Myocardial Infarction:
Standard adjustments	70	12 783	1.34 (1.06 to 1.70)	0.01	5.5
Lifestyle factors	70	12 783	1.35 (1.07 to 1.71)	0.01	5.8
Major CVD risk factors	70	12 783	1.59 (1.25 to 2.01)	<0.001	12.7
Stroke:
Standard adjustments	46	8813	1.13 (0.85 to 1.52)	0.39	0.7
Lifestyle factor	46	8813	1.15 (0.86 to 1.53)	0.35	0.8
Major CVD risk factors	46	8813	1.20 (0.89 to 1.60)	0.23	1.4

Hazard ratios are progressively adjusted for a standard set of adjustments, lifestyle factors, and major CVD risk factors. Standard adjustments are for region, sex, Townsend deprivation index score, education, year of birth, year of recruitment and ethnicity, with age as underlying time variable; lifestyle factors adjustments are for physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption; and major cardiovascular risk factors adjustments are for body mass index, total cholesterol, glucose, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, cholesterol lowering medication, family history of heart disease, and diabetes. CI=confidence interval.